No wonder Mu'awiya was the first to ask Al-Hasan for making the peace.
1 So he accepted Al-Hasan's conditions to take one thing from Him, that was government.
Mu'awiya made this plan of his when two parties were getting ready to wage war against each other. He paid attention to carry out this plan more than he paid attention to organizing his armies and managing war affairs. He thought that it was better for Him to be the first to ask Al-Hasan for making peace with Him. If Al-Hasan accepted his request, it would be okay, other wise he would force Him to do that without meeting Him at a battle.
First of all, to pave the way for his purpose, Mu'awiya did his best to make appropriate atmosphere through drawing the attention of his opponents to recall peace making.
From here Mu'awiya sent his men to pass false rumors through the camps of Al-Hasan, peace be on Him. He bribed some miltiary commanders. For example, he bribed one of them with one million dirhams, as we have already mentioned when we talked about 'Ubayd Allah b. Abbas. Moreover, he tempted some leaders through making promises such as supreme command, authortiy over a certain country,
____________
1. This is the right idea which Al-Hasan's speech indicates when he asked the advice of his companions in al-Mada'in: Indeed Mu'awiya has summoned us to an affairs in which there is neither digntiy nor justice." Other refefences indicate that, too.
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and arranging marriage between them and the Umayyad princesses.
Mu'awiya used all his abilities, all is talents, and all his experiences to fulfill this idea. Many of those sold their conscience, and who showed apparent friendship towards Al-Hasan responded to Him. So they became Mu'awiya's secret spies, his working fingers, and his hirelings who spared who spared no effort to carry out his aims.
Besides, Mu'awiya used other ways to urge Al-Hasan to make peace with Him such as sending armies and weapons to the camps, logistic movements, and the like. However, he did not want to be the first to attack Iraq with these armies and weapons. In other words he did not want to meet Al-Hasan, peace be on Him, at a battle except when all his ways went in vain. Worth mentioning, Mu'wiya's ways were quite different from that of the people and the religion.
It is an act of truthfulness to say: Indeed, in his field, Mu'awiya's ways were well woven. He was very successful in preparing special atmospheres to make his enemy accept reconcilliation.
The commander of the Iraqi front and his close associates sold their consciences to Mu'awiya for false promises.
The two camps in al-Mada'in and Maskan were full of false rumors that filled the soldiers with fear.
Al-Hasan himself was unable to impose his orders on his army because of the false rumors that passed through them.
He was unable to appear before many of his soldiers because they would be kill Him. Accordngly, was there a way other than reconciliation?
It was difficult to reform the condition because the people were corrupt during it. So no one is able to blame Al-Hasan when the people became corrupt during that time. That is because they were deviated from the truth by nature. Thus Islam was unable to reform them.
Al-Hasan lost his first battle because of the treason of his soldiers or because of the skillful discords his enemy used. So he had to face
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his second battle which the treason of the soldiers did not affect, the deviation of their natures did not, harm and the tricks of the enemy and his skillful discords did not increase but steadfastness, influence, and victory in the course of days.
This was the way which Al-Hasan used in an excellent manner to exploit Mu'awiya though the latter sas very careful of the former.
Al-Hasan responded to Mu'awiya's request for making peace. Howeve, he made Him bind Himself by conditions which he would break one by one. So if Mu'awiya did that, the people would declare their wrath and protest agaisnt Him. Thus peacemaking was the beginning of the wrath tht have lasted for generations. Also this wrath was the ginning of the revolutions that happened successively to remove that usurping regine from history.
This was the political plan through which Al-Hasan accepted making peace with Mu'awiya. Also this was the way through which he exploited Mu'awiya, this plan and his way were among his meanings of the oppressed genius of the oppressed Imam.
Therefore,no one is able to blame Al-Hasan, peace be on him, fore making peace with Mu'awiya. That is because Al-Hasan made peace with Him according to drawn a plan.
The critical stiuation at the camps and the expected results encouraged Al-Hasan to make peace with Mu'awiya. For example, this act would reform the communtiy, prevent bloodshed, preserve the holy places, achieve the Islamic viewfpoint, and so on.
Those months were not as equal as the ten fingers, but they were full of disasters and hardships as many as the stars. They were a period of time that filled the heart with love and admiration. The manners of the Prophet and the qualities of the truthful Imams appeared during them. They (the months) showed many facts about the people in both sides. During them the best reformatory acts were concluded. On the their virtuous end, the interest of the world was connected with the interest of sky.
Suddenly, Al-Hasan b. Ali became a great reformer. He embodied the good news his grandfather the Apostle of Allah, may Allah bless
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him and his family, gave in the tradition which we have mentioned before; "Indeed the (grand) son of mine is a lord, and Allah will make peace between two great groups from the Muslims through Him."
Allah, the Exalted, has preserved the high honor of the members of this Houlse in all fileds: victory, holy martyrdom in the way of Allah and history, and peacemking.
Enough for honor is peacemking. Enough for victory is immortal honor. Immortal honor guarantees the lasting fame. The fame is a continous motive that develops life and sovereignty.
Now, it is easy for us to understand the motives that urged Al-Hasan, peace be on Him, to make peace with Mu'awiya.
As for the motives that urged Mu'awiya to ask Al-Hasan to make peace with Him, they were quite different from the those of Al-Hasan. They do not indicate that Mu'awiya was unable to fight against Al-Hasan, nor do they indicate that he had a religious viewpoint concerning reconciliation and preventing bloodshed, So neither peace nor preventing gloodshed were motives of Mu'awiya. He was indifferent to them. He wanted to achieve his ambitions through conquering the Muslim countries. the proofs for that are his attacks against Medina, Mecca, and the Yemen. Besides he adopted impudent attitudes at the Battle of Siffin. therefore the pure opportunist ambitions urged Him to make his fable like history through making peace with Al-Hasan.
Al-Hasan abdicated his right to authortiy before the public opinion. Thus Mu'awiya thought that he would abdicate his right to the succession. According to this idea he though that he would be the legal successor over the Muslims.
1
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1. In this connection, Al-Hasan al-Basri said good words. you will read them in chapter 17, Mu'awiya and the Successon', Ahmed (in his book called al-Musanad) Abu Yu'la, al-Turmdhi, Ibn Hayyan, Abu Eauwwd, and al-Hakim have narrated the following tradition on the authortiy of the Apostle of Allah, may Allah bless Him and his family, who said: "The succession (Khilafa) after me will last for the thirty (years) then a king (will come) after that." Abu Na'im (in his book called al-Ftian), and al-Bayqahi (in his book called al-Dala'il) have narrated this tradition in this way: "Then a biting king (will come) after that. The Sunni traditionists have regarded the tradition atuthentic according to their condition. On of them commented on the tradition: "The thirty years after the Apostle of Allah, may Allah bless Him and his family, ended when Al-Hasan b. Ali peace be on them, became a successor." Abu Sa'id reported on the authortiy of Abd al-Rahman b. Abzi on the authortiy of Umar, who said: "This matter is cncerning the people (who took part at the Battle of ) Uhd. No one of them has remained (alive). Then it concerns so and so. it (the tradition) does not concern the freed prisoneer, nor the son of the freed prisoner, nor those who became Muslim after the Conquest (of Mecca)."
I (ie the author) say: As for the pledge of allegiance which Mu'awiya imposed on the people with his known ways, it made the unlawful lawful.
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Government was the sweet dream for which Mu'awiay sacrificed every dear thing. He did not know that Islam refused unlawful ways and did not hand over government to the freed prisoners and their children.
Moreover, we think that Mu'awiya had other motives. Thus he stretched out his and for reconciliation. the he took oath, and underlined the covenents. However, when we we consider carefully his other motives, we will understand that sweet dream (ie, supreme authortiy) is the greatest of them all.
The following occasions indicate some of the motives that urged Mu'awiya to make paece with Al-Hasan, peace be on Him:
1. Mu'awiya thought that Al-Hasan, peace be on Him, had the right to assume power. So the former had no way to take the reins of government but through making Al-Hasan keep silent even if apparently, and he had no way to make Him keep silent but through reconciliation.
As for Mu'awiya's idea concerning Al-Hasan's right to authortiy, it is clear in the letter which the former sent to latter before their movement to fight each other at Maskan. In his letter, he said: "you are worthier of authortiy than me," Also it is clear in what Mu'away said to his son Yazid when he mentioned the members of the House (ahl al-Bayt), peace be on them: "My son, indeed authortiy is their
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right."
1 Also it is clear in what Mu'awiya wrote to Zyyad b. Abih when he mentioned Al-Hasan, peace be on Him: As for that Al-Hasan has gained power over you, he has the right to do that.
2
Also we have seen that Mu'awiya asked the religious opinion of Al-Hasan when he faced diffifulties. it is as if that he recongnized his Imamate.
3
Also Mu'awiya recognized that Al-Hasan was "the Lord of Muslims."
4 Wouldn't the Lord of Muslims their Imam?
2. Mu'awiya, in spite of his many obedient men, was very afraid of the results of his fighting against Al-Hasan. This can be cleary understood from the words which he said concerning his Iraqi opponents: "By Allah, when I remember their eyes under the armors (al-maghafir) at the Battle of Siffin, my reason become confused."
5 Also concerning them he said: "May Allah make them angry with evil. Their hearts are like the heart of one man."
6 So he thought that making peace with Al-Hasan would be btter then fighting those whose eyes were under the armors (al-maghafir).
3. Mu'awiya was afraid of the social position of Al-Hasan, the (grand) son of the Apostle of Allah, may Allah bless Him and his family. Also he was afraid of his unique spirtiual position in the Islamic faith so that he wanted to avoid these two positions through making peace with Him.
Mu'awiya thought that it was possible for Allah to send someone to the Syrian Camp to draw the attention of the people to the true
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1. Ibn Abu al-Haddid, Sharh Nahj al-Balagha, vol.4. pp.4, and 5 and 13 and 74.
2. Ibid.
3. Al-Ya'qubi, Tarikh, vol.2, pp.201-2. Ibn Kuthayr, al-Bidaya wa al-Nihay, vol, 8. p.40. al-Majlisi, Bihar Anwar, vol.10, p.98.
4. Ibn Qutayba al-Daynwari, al-Imama wa al-Siyasa, pp.159-60.
5. Al-Mas'udi Hamish b. al-Athir, vol, 6, p. 67.
6. Al-Tabari, Tarikh, vol.6, p.3.
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authortiy of Al-Hasan and to their ugle attitude towards Him so that they would revolt against Him (Mu'awiya).
While Mu'awiya was advancing agaisnt Al-Hasan, he remembered the words which al-Nu'man b. Jubllah al-Tanwakhi said to Him at the Battle of Siffin. Worth mentioning, al-Nu'man was among the commanders of the fighting soldiers of Mu'awiya. The former talked openly to the latter in the manner which no Syrian had done before or after Him, and mocked at Him to the extent that no subject mocked at Him. For this reason Mu'awiya thought that the people would some day have the same feelings which the helpless al-Tanwakhi had.
Among the words al-Tanwakhi said to Mu'awiya at the Battle of Siffin are: "By Allah, I was sincere to you. I preferred you authortiy to my religion. I left right guidance for your desire, while I knew that. I deviated from the truth, while I understood that. I have not been granted success since I fought against the cousin of the Apostle of Allah (ie Imam Ali,) may Allah bless Him and his family, who was the first to believe in Him, and then emigrated (to Mecca to join) Him (there). If we had given Him what we have given (them) more then (you do). Howeve, we have given you the authortiy, and the it is neccessary to complete it whether it is right or wrong. Far be it to be right! We will fight for the fig of al-Ghouta and its olivers if we are deprived of the fruit of the garden and its rivers."
1
Among the political acts of Mu'awiya was that he prevented the Syrians from knowing the Muslim great figures outside sham (syria) lest they should refuse Him or mutiny against Him. For this reason we do not know how this Syrians man (i.e., al-Nu'man b. Jibllah al-Tanwakhi) wa able to have knowledge of the cousin of the Apostle of Allah, may Allah bless Him and his family, his priortiy to believe in Him, his kindness to the people, his generostiy in giving, and his right to authortiy.
Mu'awiya went to making the Syrians ignorant of the Muslim
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1. Al-Mas'udi, HasHim b. al-Athir, vol. 5, p. 216.
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great figures till the end of his lifetime. This policy of his was the means which he used to gather large groups of people and dispatch them to fight against Imam Ali at Siffin, and then to fight against Al-Hasan at Maskan.
You can easily understand the policy of ignorance when you read the following words which Mu'awiya said, though they indicate his weak character, to Amru b. al-As,: "By Allah, you want nothing but to disgrace me, for the Syrians thought that there was no one like me till they heard from Al-Hasan what they have heard."
1
4. Among the political acts which Mu'awiya used to achieve his selfish ambitions was that he summoned Al-Hasan, peace be on Him, to make peace with Him. In the meantime he summoned many people from Iraq and Sham(Syria) and other Muslims countries to bear witness for that. From this summons he wanted nothing but to pave the way to achieve his future objectives through the war between Him and Al-Hasan. there were two possible facets: either Sham (Syria)
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1. Al-Bayqahi, al-Mahasin wa al-Masawi, vol.1, p.64.
In history there are many stories that indicate that the Syrians has no knowledge of the great figures of Islam. Some of them are: A Syrian asked one of this leaders: "Who is Abu Turab (ie Imam Ali) whom the Imam (ie Mu'awiya) curese on the pulpti?" I think he is among the thieves of the discords," replied the leader" Also a Syrian asked a friend of his when he heard Him mentioning Mohammed.: "What do you think of this Mohammed? Is he our Lord?"
When Abd Allah b. Ali conquered (Syria), he send some Syrian old men from the rich leading people to Abu al-Abbas al-Saffah. The old men swore by Allah before al-Saffah to denote that they did not know that the Aposlte of Allah, may Allah bless Him and his family, had relatives nor members of a House to inherit Him except the banu (sons) of Umayya till you have taken the reins of government. 'See al-Mas'udi, Muruj al-Dhahab. pp. 107-9.
I (ie the author) say: This indicates that all the Umayyad kings followed this policy to make the people ignorant of their figures, especially the members of the House(ahl al-Bayt) peace be on them, and to prevent their names from entering sham. Also this indecates that the Syrians took care of their Islam every much. We think that Sham during the Umayyad dynasty was still full of the non Muslims majortiy that belonged to Rome and Arminia.
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would be ruled by Kufa or the war would destroy Al-Hasan, al-Husayn, their family, and their Shi'a (followers). Then Mu'awiya would place the responsibiltiy on Al-Hasan Himself and said to the people: "Indeed I had summoned Al-Hasan to peacemking. However, Al-Hasan refused (everything) except the war. I wanted life for Him. However, he wanted death for me. I wanted to prevent blood from shedding. However, he wanted to destroy the people between me and Him."
Through this excellent act, Mu'awiya would fulfill his aims. In other words he would be destroy the family, of Mohammed, may Allah bless Him and his family. Meanwhile, he would pretend justice. Moreover, the people who he summoned to attend peacemaking would confirm his justice. As for Al-Hasan, peace be on Him, he was aware of this political plan. Thus he was cleverer and more skillful than his enemy in making use of the conditions and seizing the opportunities to please Allah and to achieve the interests of the Muslim. Accordingly, the critical stiuations and the evil intentions of Mu'awiya forced Him, peace be on Him, to accept the idea of making peace with the former.
Al-Hasan intended to destroy Mu'awiya's plans and to prevent Him from putting them into effect. Rather he made a wise plan to destroy his opponents in the name of reconciliation. In the chapters that follow, we will mention some explanations appropriate for this subject.
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CHAPTER II
PEACE TREATY
A group of the historians such as al-Tabari and b. al-Athir has narrated the following: "Indeed Mu'awiya had sent Al-Hasan a blank page. In the bottom of the page, there were his stamps." then Mu'awiya wrote Al-Hasan the following:"In this page, whose bottom I have stamped, stipulate whateve you want for that will be for you."
1
Then the historians have not mentioned the tradition thoroughly, for they have not mentioned what Al-Hasan, peace be on Him, had wrtiten on Mu'awiya's page. We has studied that available reference books but we have not found the coplete stipulations of al-Hasasn, peace be on Him, except separation bits. The narrators have admitted that these bits are part of a complete subject. Only one writer has mentioned a text with a beginning and an end. He has said that the text is the complete Peace Treaty. However, other reports have refuted many items of this text. Worth mentioning, these reports are better in isnad (chain of narrators) and more in number than this reference.
To be acquinted with the contents of the Peace treaty, we have the right to be satisfied, if we wanted satisfaction, with the narration of the Blank Page (al-Sahifa al-Bayda), as the previous narrators did. That is because they have narrated it briefly. Thus they were satisfied with the summing up stead of the details. That is because carrying out reconciliation was according to the rule: "Stipulate whatever you want, for the will be for you." This means that al-Hassan, peace be on Him, filled the page, which was stamped in the bottom, with various
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1 Al-Tabari, Tarikh, vol.6, p.93. Ibn al-Athir, al-Kamil fi al-Tarikh, vol.3, p.162.
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stipulations which he wanted, namely with the conditions that were useful for Him or his family or his Shi'a (followers) or his objectives. So the page had nothing other than these conditions.
If it is impossible, today, for us to know those conditions in details, at least, we know that they they were in the interest of Al-Hasan. That was a certain reuslt, for Al-Hasan, peace be on Him, was free to make conditions.
Unfortunatly, we have not found what Al-Hasan had wrtiten on the Blank page. So it is neccessary for us to collect the separated items from various books to give the most correct and most import from of all reports concerning this Treaty. We have divided the form into items and added each phrase to the appropriate items to be nearer to the reality.
The form of the Peace Treaty the two parties signed is as follows:
Items One:
Handing over authortiy to Mu'awiya
Provided that he should act according to the
Book of Allah, the Sunna (practice) of
His Apostle, may Allah bless Him and his family,
1 and the Sira (bahaviour) of the righteous Caliphs.
2
Items Two:
Authortiy hould be for Al-Hasan after Him.
3 If an accident happened to Him, authortiy should be for his
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1. Ibn Abu al-Haddid, Sharh Nahj alp Balagha, vol.4, p.6.
2. Ibn Aqil, al-Nasa'ih al-Kafiya, p.156. al-Majlisi, Bihar al-Anwar, vol.10, p.115.
3. Al-Sayuti, Tarikh al-Khulafa, p.194. Ibn Kuthayr, al-Bidaya wa al-Nihaya, vol.8, p.41. Ahmed Shaha, al-Din al-Asqalani, al-Isaba fi, Tamiiz al-Shahaba, vol.2, pp.12-13. Ibn Qutayba al-Daynwari, al-Imama wa al-Siyasa, p.150. Farid Wajdi, Da'rat Ma'arif al-Islamiya, vol.3, p.443.
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brother al-Husayn.
1 Mu'awiya has no right to entrust anybody to it.
2
Items Three:
He (Mu'awiya) should abandon cursing the Commander of the faithful and the practice of using the personal prayer (qunut) in the ritual formal prayer (salat) (as prayer) against Him,
3 and that he shoud not mention Ali except in a good manner.
4
Items Four:
He (Mu'awiya) should excluded what is in the treasury of Kufa, that is five million (dirhams). So handing over authortiy does not include it (ie this sum of money). Mu'awya should send Al-Hasan Husayn one million dirhams a year, he hould prefer the banu (children) of HasHim in giving and gifts to the banu Abd Shams, and hould divide one million (dirhams) among the sons of those who were killed with the Commander of the faithful at Battle of the Camel and the Battle of Siffi, and should spend that from the taxes of Dar Abjard.
5
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1. Ibn al-Muhanna, Umdat al-Talib, p.52.
2.Ibn, Abu al-Haddid, Sharh Nahj al-Balagha, vol.4, p.8.
Al-Majlisi, Bihar al-Anwar, vol.10, p.115. Ibn al-Sabbbagh, al-fusul al-Munimma.
3. Muhsin al-Amin al-Amili, A,yan al-Shi'a, vol.4, p.43.
4. Abu al-faraj al-Asfahani, Maqatil al-Talibiyyin, p. 26. Ibn Abu al-Haddid, Sharh Nahj al-Balagha, vol.4, p.15.
Other than these two authors said: "Indeed, Al-Hasan asked Mu'awiya not to cure Ali. Howerver, Mu'awiya, disagreed with Him on refraining from curding Him, and agreed with Him on that Ali should not be sureed while he (ie Mu'awiya) hear that." Ibn al-Athir said: "Then Mu'awiya broke that, too."
5. Ibn Qtaya al-Daywari, al0 Imama wa Siyasa, p.200. Al-Tabari, Tarikh, vol.6, p.92. Ibn Babawayh, Ilal al-Sharaiya, p. 81. Ibn Kuthayr al-Bidaya wa al-Nihaya, vol.8, p.14.
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Items Five:
"The people should be safe wherever they are in the earth of Allah; in sham (Syria), Iraq, Hijaz, the Yemen, etc. He should give security to the black and the red (one). He (Mu'awiya) should bear their slips, should not follow some of them for the by gone nor should he punish the Iraqis for hostility."
1
"The companions of Ali should be given security wherever they are, that he (Mu'awiya) should not expose the Shi'a of Ali to any evil, that the companions and the Shi'a of Ali, should be given security over their lives, their properties, their women, and their children, nor should he pursue them for a certain thin, nor should he expose to any evil, and that he should give them their rights."
2
"He (ie Mu'awiya) should not seed a calamtiy secretly or openly for Al-Hasan b. Ali, nor for his brother al-Husayn, nor for anyone from the family of the Apostle of Allah, nor should he frighten them in any country of the countries."
3
____________
Dar Abjard is a town on the borders of Ahwaz in Persia (Iran).
1. Abu al-Faraj al-Asfahani, Maqatil al-Talibiyyin, p. 26. Ibn Abu al-Haddid, Sharh Nahj al-Balagha, vol. 4, p. 15. al-Majlisi, Bihar al-Anwar, vol. 10, pp. 101 and 115. Ibn Qutayba al-Daynwari, al-Imama wa Siyasa, p. 200.
We have quoted each paragraph letter from tis source.
2. Al-Tabari, Tarikh, vol.6, p.97. Ibn al-Athir, al-kamil fi al-Tarikh, vol.3, p.166. Abu al-Faraj al-Asfahani, Maqatil al-Talibiyyin, Bihar al-Anwar, vol.10. p.115. Mohammed b. Ali b. Babawayh, Ilal al-Sharaiya, p.81. Mohammed b. Aqil, al-Nasa'ih al-Kafiya, p.115.
3. Al-Majlisi, Bihar al-Anwar, vol.10, p.115.
Mohammed b. Aqil, al-Nasa'ih al-Kafiya, p.156.
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The End
Ibn Qutayba al-Daynwari said: "Then Abd Allah b. Amir (ie Mu'awiya's messenger to Al-Hasan, peace be on Him) wrote to Mu'awiya all the conditions which Al-Hasan dictated to Him. So Mu'awiya wrote all that with his own writting and stamped them with his own stamp, confirmed them with certain covenents and strong oath, and made all the leaders of the Syrians bear witness for that. Then he handed them (ie, the conditions) to Abd Allah b. Amir to send them to Al-Hasan."
1
Historians other than b. Qutayba al-Daynwari have mentioned the form of the text which Mu'awiya wrote at the end of the Peace Treaty. In the meantime Mu'awiya made a covenents with Allah to fulfill Al-Hasan's conditions.
This form is as follows: "Concerning that, Mu'awiya b. Abu Sufyan is obliged to fulfill the covenents of Allah and His promise, what Allah obligated His creatures to fulfill, and what Allah had given of Himself.
2
That was in the middle of the month of Jamadi al-Ula, in the year 41 A.H according to the most authentic reports.
____________
1. Ibn Qutayba al-Daynwari, al-Imama wa al-Siyasa, p.200.
2. Al-Majlisi, Bihar al-Anwar, vol.10, p.115.
