His Killing
They (i.e., the police men) took them (i.e., Hijr and his companions) to Adhra, that was a village twelve miles far from Damascus. They were imprisoned there. Mu'awiya and Zyyad exchanged letters. The delay increased them nothing by torture. The one eyed man of Mu'awiya and a group of his companions came to them. They brought Mu'awiya and a group of his companions came to them. They brought Mu'awiya's order to kill Hijr and his companions. Also they brought shrouds with them. He (ie, the one eyed man of Mu'awiya) said to Hijr; "Indeed the Commander of the faithful (ie, Mu'awiya) said to Hijr: "Indeed the Commander of the faithful (ie, Mu'awiya) has ordered me to kill you, for you are the head of error, the origin of unbelief and tyranny, and the supporter of Abu Turab (ie, Imam Ali). Also he had ordered me to kill your companions except when you withdraw from your unbelief, curse your leader (ie, Imam Ali) and renounce him." So Hijr and is companions said to him: "Indeed patience towards the punishment of the sword is easier for us than what you summon us to. Then meeting Allah, His Apostle, and his(ie, the Prophet's) trustee of authority (wasi) is more lovable for us than entering the fire."
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The graves were dug. Hijr and his companions began perfoming prayers throughout the night. When the morning came, they (ie, the police men) brought them to kill them, so Hijr said to them: "Let me perform the ritual ablution and say prayers. For when I perform the ritual ablutions, I say prayers." They let him (pray). He prayed, and then went away. By Allah, I had not performed a prayer lighter than it (ie, this prayer). Were it not for that you think that I an impatient of death, I would increase it."
Then Hijr said: 'O Allah, we ask you to show enmity towards our people. Indeed the Kufans had testified against us, and the Syrians have come to kill us. By Allah, if you kill me at it (ie, the village of Adhra), I will be the first Muslim horseman to be killed in its valley, and the first Muslim man at whom is dogs will bark."
1
Then Hudba b. Fayyad al-Qud'i walked forward Hijr carrying his own sword. The former trembled and said to the latter: "you have calimed that you are patient towards death. Therefore renounce your leader (ie, Imam Ali), and we will let you (go)."
So Hijr said: "Of course, I am patient towards death. For I see dug grave, a spread shroud, and a drawn sword. Indeed, by Allah, even if I am impatient towards death, will not say what displeases the Lord!"
Some close associates of Mu'awiya interceded for seven companions of Hijr.
The rest of Hijr's companion were exposed to the sword. Hijr's final words were: "leave me shackled with iron and stained with the blood. For I will meet Mu'awiya on the straight path tomorrow (ie, on the judgement Day). I will bring suit (against him before
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1. Ibn al-Athir, al-Kamil fi Tarikh, vol.13, p.192. Ibn Sa'd and Mus'ab al-Zubari have narrated the following on the authority of al-Hakim, who said: "He (ie, Hijr) was killed at Marj Adhra according to Mu'awiya's orders. It was Hijr who conquered it (ie, Marj Adhra), then he was killed at it.
I (i.e., the author) say: This is the meaning of Hijr's words: "...., and the first Muslim man at whom its dogs will bark." He meant the day when he conquered it.
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Allah). Mu'awiya mentioned these words of Hijr. So when he was about to die, he said: "Hijr, my day will be long because of you.
The Muslim's Reactions towards Hijr's killing
After he had killed Hijr, Mu'awiya performed the hajj. Then he passed by A'isha. "He asked permission (to enter her house). She permitted him. When he sat down, she said to him: Did not you fear Allah When you killed Hijr and his companion?"
1 Then she added: "Were it not for the critical stituation, we would change the killing of Hijr. By Allah, he performed the greater and the lesser hajj."
2
Shurayh b. Hani wrote to Mu'awiya concerninig Hijr. He gave him a religious opinion in which he denoted that it was forbidden (for Mu'awiya) to shed the blood of Hijr and to take his possessions. Concerning Hijr, Shurayh said: "He was among those who performed the ritual prayers, pay zakat, performed frequently the lesser and the greater hajj, enjoyed (the people) to do good deeds and prevented them from doing evil deeds. It was forbidden to shed his blood and to take his property."
3
Ibn Umar began asking the people about Hijr from the day when the latter was captured. While b. Umar was walking in the market, he was told that Hijr had been killed. So he burst into tears and went away.
4
Abd al-Rahman b. al-Harith b. Hisham came to Mu'awiya, after the latter had killed Hijr, and said to him: "When did the clemency of Abu Sufyan leave you? Mu'awiya replied: It left me when those who were like you in clemency left me. Ibn Sumayya (ie, Zyyad b. Abih) provoked me, so I carried tht out." Then He (ie, Abe al-Rahman)
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1. Al-Tabari, Tarikh, vol. 6, p. 156.
2. Ibn al-Athir, al-Kamil fi al-Tarikh, vol. 3, p. 193.
3. Al-Tabari, Tarikh, vol. 6, p. 153.
4. Ibid.
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said: "By Allah, the Arabs will never regard you as the one who has clemency and an opion. you killed the people whoom the prisoners from the Muslims sent to you."
Many pople from Kinda, al-Sikun, and the Yemen supported Malik b. Hubayra al-Sikuni. So Malik was able to say to Mu'awiya the following words when the latter refused to release Hijr: "By Allah, we are in no need of Mu'awiya more than Mu'awiya is in no nedd of us. We have alternates among his people,
1 while he has no successor from us amog the people.
It was said to Abu Ishaq al-Subay'i: When did the people become low?" He replied: "When Al-Hasan died, Zyyad was claimed, and Hijr b. Adi was killed."
2
Al-Hasan al-Basri said: "Mu'awiya had four qualities. If he had only one of them, it would have been a grave sin: he dominated this community through the foolish to the extent that he usurped its affair (ie, the succession) without any advice from it. (ie, the community), while among it were the rest of the Companions (of the prophet) and virtuous ones. He appointed his sone to the succession to authority while he drank wine, wore silk (clothes), and played on the lutes. He claimed Zyyad while the Apostle of Allah, may Allah bless him and his family, said: "They baby is to bed and the prostitute is stoned. He killed Hijr. Woe unto him (ie, Mu'awiya) from Hijr and his companions."
3
Al-Rabi' b. Zyyad al-Harithi died of sadness when Hijr was killed. He was the governor of Mu'awiya over Khursan. In his book (al-Kamil fi Tarikh, vol. 3, p. 195) b. al-Athir said: "The reason for his death was that he was indignant when Hijr b. Adi was killed, so he said: The Arabs will be killed because of patience after Hijr. If they had revolted (against Mu'awiya) when he killed Hijir, no one of them would have been killed because of patience. However, they
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1. He meant th banu (sons) of HasHim.
2. Ibn Abu al-Haddid, Sharh Nahj al-Balagha, vol. 4, p. 18.
3. Al-Tabari, Tarikh, vol. 6, p. 157.
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accepted that so they became low. After this speech, he (ie, al-Rabi') remained one Friday. Then he went out on Friday and said: "O people, indeed, I am tired of life. So I will ask (Allah for something) through a supplication, so be safe. Then he raised his hands after the prayers and said: " O Allah, if I god with yhou, then make me die soon. The peopel became safe. then he went out. Before his garments disappeared he fell (over the ground)."
1
Al-Husayn. peace be on him, wrote a letter to Mu'awiya: "Aren't you who killed Hijr the brother of Kinda and he worshipping prayers who refused oppression and regarded heresies as great and did not fear the blame of the blamer concerning Allah. you killed them because of oppression and enmity after you had given them strong oath and certain covenants (al-Husayn refers to the clauses of the fifth item in the Peace Treaty.) so that you should not punish them due to an event between you and them or a spite you bear in yourself against them.
2
Then the role of history came so that many historians have written books about Hijr and his companions. For example, Nasr b. MuzaHim al-Manqari and Lut b. Yahya b. Sa'id al-Azdi
3 have written two books about the killing of Hijr. Hisham b. Mohammed b. al-Sa'id has written two books: one concerning the killing of Hijr; the other is about the killing of his companions such as Rashid, Maythan, and Juwayriya b. Mishhir.
4
Traditions concerning Hijr and his companions
Ibn Asakir said: "After A'isha had blamed Mu'awiya for killing Hijr and his companions, she said: "I heard the Apostle of Allah, may Allah bless him and his family, say: At (the Marj of) Adhra', the
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1. See also: Ibn Abd al-Bisr al-Maliki, al-Isti'ab.
Ibn al-Athir, Asad al-Ghaba fi Tamayiz al-Shahaba. Ali Khan, al-Darajat al-Rafii'a. al-Shaykh al-Tusi, al-Amali.
2. Al-Majlisi, Bihar al-Anwar, vol.10, p.149
3. Ibn al-Nadim, al-Fihrast, p.136
4. Al-Najashi, Fihrast al-Rijal, p.306.
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place where Hijr and his companions were killed, people will be killed so that Allah and the people of the sky will be angry for them."
He (i.e., b. Asakir) has narrated traditions similar to this one through another way on the authority of A'isha.
Al-Bayqahi (in his book al-Dala'il) and Yaqubi b. Sufyan (in his book Tarikh) have narrated the following tradition on the authority of Abd Allah b. Zurayr al-Ghafiqi, who said: "I heard Ali b. Abu Talib, peace be on him, say: O people of Iraq, seven people from the you will be killed at (the Marj of) Adhra. Their likeness is like the Companions of the furrow (ikhdud)."
The Martyrs from Hijr's Companions
From what we have mentioned, we understand that the companions of Hijr were a choice from the few of men of Allah. Also we have known that al-Husayn, peace be on him, wrote a letter to Mu'awiya concerning them, in which he said: "... and he worshipping prayers who refused oppression and regarded heresies as great and did not fear the blame of the blamer concerning Allah."
Also we have known that the great Muslim figures mentioned them as long as they mentioned Hijr.
Though the Umayyads did their best to hide the stories of Hijr's companions, they (ie, Hijr's companons) have become the martyrs ofthe principles and victims of the usurped right to authority. That is enough for them to be virtuous, glorious, and prominent in history.
After he had killed this honorable group of people, and after he had performed his (accepted) hajj, Mu'awiya met al-Husayn b. Ali, peace be on them, in Mecca and said to him proudly: "Have you heard what we have done for Hijr, his companions, nad his Shi'a (followers) who were the Shi'a of your father?" al-Husayn asked: "What have you done for them? Mu'awiya replied: "We have killed them, shorouded them, prayed over them, and buried them." al-Husayn, peace be on him, smiled, and then he said: "Mu'awiya, the people will bring suit against you (befere Allah). If we killed your followers, we would no
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shroud them nor would we pay over them, nor would we bury them."
1
The following are the martyrs from Hijr's companions:
A. Shurayk b. Shaddad or Thaddad al-Hadrami
Another (historian) has called him "Urak b. Shaddad.
B. Sayfi b. Fasil al-Shaybani
He was a leading companion of Hijr. He had an iron heart, a strong belief, and correct words. He was captured and brough before Zyyad who said to him: "O enemy of Allah, what do you think of Abu Turab (ie, Imam Ali)?" "I do not know Abu Turab," replied Sayfi.
"You know him very well, said Zyyad. "I do not know," answered Sayfi. "Do you not know Ali, Abu Talib? asked Zyyad. "Yes, answered Sayfi.
"That is Abu Turab, said Zyyad. "No, that is Abu Al-Hasan and al-Husayn, said Sayfi. So the commander of the police of Zyyad said to Sayfi: "The Emir say to you: He is Abu Turab, and you say: No." Do you want me to tell lies as the Emir does or do you want me to testify falsehood as the Emir does? asked Sayfi. "This is some of your sin, too. Bring me the rod," said Zyyad. The rod was brought to Zyyad, and then he said to Sayfi: "What do you say?" "These are the best words which I have said concerning a servant from the believing servants of Allah, replied Sayfi. "Hit his shoulder with the rod till he stick to the ground, said Zyyad. So Sayfi wa hit till he stuck to the ground.
Then Zyyad said: "leave him. What do you think of Ali?" By
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1. Al-Majlisi, Bihar al-Anwar. al-Tabari has narrated a tradition similar to this one on the authority of Al-Hasan. That is incorrect for the tradegy of Hijr and his companions were two years after the death of Al-Hasan. A similar tradition has been narrated by b. al-Athir on the authority of Al-Hasan al-Basri who said: "By the Lord of the Kaaba, they have instituted a proof aganst them."
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Allah, even if you cut me to pieces with the razors and the knifes, I will not say except what you have heard from me," answered Sayfi.
"You should curse him (ie, Imam Ali): otherwise I will cut off your neck, "said Zyyad. "Therefore cut off, and Allah accepts that. If you refuses (anything) but to cut it off, them I am satisfied with Allah, (while) you are unhappy," said Sayfi. Push him in the neck. Tie him up with the shackles, and throw him into prison," shouted Zyyad.
Then Sayfi joined the caravan of death with Hijr, and was among those blessed people who died martyrs at (the Marj of) 'Adhra'.
C. 'Abd al-Rahman b. Hasan al-Anzi
He was among Hijr's companions. He was sent with Hijr while he was shackled. When he arrived at (the Marj of) Adhra, he asked (the police men) to send him to Mu'awiya, for he thought that Mu'awiya would be better than b. Sumayya (ie, Zyyad), When he came to Mu'awiya, the latter said to him: "Brother of Rabi'a, what do say concerning Ali? Leave me and do not ask me (about him), for that is better for you, replied Abd al-Rahman. "By Allah, I will not leave you," said Mu'awiya. Abd al-Rahman said: "I testify that he was among those who remembered Allah very much, enjoined (the people to follow) the truth, undertook justice, and forgave the people." "What do you say concerning Uthman? asked Mu'awiya. "He was the first to open the door of unjustice and to close the door of the truth," answered Abd al-Rahman. "you have killed yourself," and said Mu'awiya. "Rather, you have killed yourself," said Abd al-Rahman. Then Mu'awiya returned him to Zyyad in Kufa and ordered him to kill him in an evil manner.
It was Abd al-Rahman who said the following words on the day when the police men of Mu'awiya imprisoned him along with his companions (at the Marj of) Adhra: "O Allah, made me among those whom you honor through their (i.e., the Umayyads') disgrace, and you are pleased with me. I subjected myself to killing many times, but Allah refused (that) except what He willed."
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In his book (Tarikh al-Kufa, p. 274), Habbata al-'Arani has mentioned Abd al-Rahman as follows; "Abd al-Rahman b. Hasan al-Anzi was among the companions of Ali, peace be on him. He lived in Kufa to provoke the people against the banu (sons) of Umayya. So Zyyad captured him and sent him Sham (Syria). (There) Mu'awiya summoned him to renounce Ali, peace be on him. So Abd al-Rahman answered Mu'awiya rudely. Then Mu'awiya returned him to Zyyad, so he (ie, Zyyad) killed him.
Ibn al-Athir (in his book al-Kamil fi al-Tarikh, vol.3, p.192.) and al-Tabari (in his book Tarikh, vol.6, p.155.) said that Zyyad buried Abd al-Rahman alive at the Qis of al-Natif.
1
I (i.e., the author) say: If Mu'awiya had known the ways which Zyyad used to kill the Shi'a of Ali in Kufa, and if he had known that Zyyad cut off their legs, their hands, and their tongues, and knocked out their eyes, he would have not suggested any way when he ordered them to kill Abd al-Rahman through evil way. Is there a way worst of these ways of killing and punishment? However, Zyyad carried out Mu'awiya's suggested, so he created a way through which he buried Abd al-Rahman alive to kill him.
2
Do you know which punishment Mu'awiya and Zyyad will face on the Judgment Day because of these ways of killing?
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1. A place near Kufa. It was on the eastern bank of the Euphrates.
Al-Marwaha faced it on the western bank of the Euphrates. The Battle of Abu 'Ubayd the father of al-Mukhtar al-Thaqafi took place at it.
2. Then this kind of killing became the bad practice (Sunna) which the tyrants after Zyyad followed, When the Umyyads were angry with Umar al-Maqsus, the educator of Mu'awiya b. Yazid b. Mu'awiya, who resigned from the their succession as protest against them, they took him and buried him alive. This has been narrated by al-Dimyari in his book 'Hayat al-Hayawan, p. 62. In the book, he has narrated the speech which Mu'awiya made concerning the backgrounds of Umar's resignation, which make the person feel that Umar was a follower of ahl al-Bayt, peace be on them.
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D. Qubaysa bin Rabi'a al-'Abasi
Some historian have called Qubaysa b. Dubay'a. He was the brave man who decided to resist the Umayads with his weapon and his people. However, the commander of the police gave him security over his blood and his poperty. So he put his hand in their hands depending on security covenant which the Arabs before and after Islam followed. Hweover, it seems that the Umayyads abandoned the Arabic and the Islamic morals or that they understood that such morals were mere means for victory and violence.
Accordingly, (Qubaysa) b. Duby'a al-Abasi was broght before Zyyad who said to him: By Allah, I will do (something) for you to distract you from creating discords and revolting against the governors." Qubaysa said: "I have come to you according to the security covenant." "Take him to prison, said, Zyyad.
Then Qubaysa was among the shackled persons who were driven to death because of patience. In this connection the tradition says: "Whoever gives security to a man over his blood and kills him, therefore I (ie, the Prophet) renounce the killer even if the killed one is unbeliever."
1
Before the police men took the prisoners (ie, Hijr and his companions), they had passed by Qubaysa's house. Qubaysa saw his daughters looking at him and weeping over him. So he said to the two police men (ie, Wa'il and Kuthayr): "Permit me to recommend my family. When he approached his daughters who were weeping, he kept silent for an hour, and then he said to them: "Be silent." So they kept silent. Then he said to them: "Fear Allah, the Great and Almighty. Be patient. Indeed I hope that Allah, my Lord, will grant me one of the two good things during this going of mine: either martyrdom that is happiness or coming back to you in good conditon. It is Allah, the Most High, Who gives you your provisions. He is Living, and never dies. I hope that He will not leave you. Rather I hope that He will
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1. Ahmad Shahab al-Din al-Asqalani, al-Isaba fi Tamyiz al-Sahaba, vol.4, p.294.
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protect me for you." Then Qubaysa went away.
The hopeless family spent that night weeping and praying, as Mu'awiya wanted. There were then many daughters similar to Dubaya's ones in tradegy.
Al-Tabari said: "Qubaysa b. Dubay'a fell into the hands of Abu Sharif al-Baddi. So Qubaysa said to him: Indeed there is no evil between my people and your people. Thus let other than you kill me, Abu Sharif said: kinship is obedient to you. Then al-Quda'i killed Qubaysa.
E. Kaddam bin Hayyan al-Anzi
F. Muhriz bin Shahab bin Bujayr bin Sufyan bin Khalid bin Munqir al-Timimi1
He was among the chiefs of the people, and from the pure Shi'ites who were known for their Shi'ism. Muhriz was the commander of the left wing of the army headed by Ma'qal b. Qays who waged war against the Kharijites in the year 43 A.H. During those three battles the army of Ma'qal was three thousand people from the loyal Shi'ites and their horsemen, as al-Tabari described them in his book (Tarikh, vol.6, p.108).
2. Amru bin al-Hamaq al-Khaza'i
He was b. (son of) al-Kahil b. Habbib b. Amru b. al-Qayn b. Dharrah b. Amru b. Sa'd b. Ka'b b. Rabi'a al-Khaza'i.
He became Muslims before the Conquest (of Mecca), and emigrated to Medina. He was a loyal companion. Thus the Prophet, may Allah bless him and his family, prayed for Allah to make him (i.e., Amru)
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1. See the following references about what we have written concerning Hijr and his companions: al-Daynwary, b. al-Athir, al-Tabari, b. Abu al-Haddid, al-Isti'ab, al-Nasa,ih al-Kafiya, and Tarikh Baghdad.
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enjoy his youth. So eighty years, passed and no one saw a white hair among his hair, in addition to this, there was handsomesness on his face, that increased his splendor.
After the Prophet, Amru became a companion of the Commander of the faithful (ie, Ali) peace be on him, Thus he was the sincere companion to whom Ali said; "I wish I had a hundred people. like you in my army." Amru witnessed the Battles headed by Ali such as the Camel, Siffin, and al-Nahrwan.
The Commander of the faithful invoked Allah for Umru with these words. "O Allah, enlighten his heart with piety, and guide him to your stright path." Moreover, he said to him: "Amru, you will be killed after me. Indeed, your head will be moved (from one place to another). It will be the first head to be moved in Islam. Woe unto him who will kill you."
1
Ibn al-Athir said in his book (al-Kamil fi Tarikh, vol.3, p.183): "When Zyyad came to Kufa, Ammara b. Aqaba b. Abu Mi'yat said to him: Indeed Amru b. al-Hamq has gathered the Shi'tes of Abu Turab (ie, Imam Ali)". Thus Zyyad sent for him (and said to him): "What are thse groups which you have gathered? Whomever you want to speak to, (you should speak to him) in the mosque."
2.
"Then Amru was still (as al-Tabari has narrated) afraid and expectiong till the event of Hijr b. Adi occurred. Then he proved Himself brave. A man called Bakr b. 'Ubayd from al-Hamra' (ie, the police of Zyyad) hit Umru on the head with an iron bar. Thus Amru fell over the ground. The Shi'ites carried him and hid him in the house of a man from the Azd. Then Amru went out to leave (Kufa). The other leader, Rifa'a b. Shaddad, accompanied him. So they headed for al-Mada'in. Then they departed till they arrived at the land of Mousil. They hid in a countain there. The governor of al-Rustaq condemned
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1. Abbas al-Qummi, Safinat al-Bihar, vol. 2, p. 360.
2. al-Tabari had mentioned that slander of Ammara b. Aqaba, and then he said: "It is said that it was Yazid b. Ruwaym who slandered Amru b. al-Hamq, and said: He (ie, Amru has provoked the two cities (ie, Basrah and Kufa.)"
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that. So he went to them with the horses. As for Amru, he reached Mousil while he was ill. As for Rifa'a b. Shaddad, who was a strong young men, he jumped on ihs quick horse and said to Amru: I will fight on behalf of you.' It does not avail me that you fight on behalf of me. Save yourself if you can. Thus Rifa'a attacked them, so they let him go. Then he want out while his horse was bolting. The horsemen went out looking for him. He was a sharp shooter so that he wounded or killed those horsemen who followed him. Thus they left him and went away. Then they asked Amru: "Who are you? "It is him whom if you lave it will be safer for you, and whom if you kill, it will be more harmful for you," replied' Amru, Again they asked him, but he refused to tell them. Thus b. Abu Balta'a, the governor of al-Rustaq, sent him to Abe al-Rahman b. Abd Allah b. Uthman al-Thaqafi, the governor of Mousil. When the latter saw Amru b. al-Hamaq, he knew him, and then he wrote to Mu'awiya concerning him. So Mu'awiya ordered Abd al-Rahman to stab Amru nine times as he (ie, Amru) stabbed Uthman."
Ibn Kuthayr opposed the Above mentioned account of al-Tabari. He said: "Indeed the companions of Mu'awiya found Amru dead in a cave. They cut off his head and sent it to Mu'awiya. Thus it was the first head to be moved in Ialam. Then Mu'awiya sent his head to his wife (ie, Amru's wife), Amina bint al-Sharid, who was in the prison of Mu'awiya. The head was put on her lap. She put her hadn on his forehead and kissed his mouth, and then she said: "you had concealed him for a long time, then you have offered him to me and he is dead. Therefore welcome to this lovable left."
Then he was in what al-Husayn, peace be on him, wrote to Mu'awiya: Aren't you who killed Amru b. al-Hamaq, the Companion of the Apostle of Allah, may Allah bless him and his family? He was the righteous person whom worship wore out to the extent that it made his body weak and his color yellow. you had given him security. you had given him some of the covenants of Allah and His pledges. If you had given them to a bird, it would have come showing impudence towards you Lord and disdaining His covenan through that."
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I (i.e., the author) say: Through this covenant, al-Husayn refers to the clauses of the fifth item in the Peace Treaty.
In his book 'Safiinat al-Bihar, Abbas al-Qummi said: "His (ie, Amru's) gave was in the outskirts of Mousil. Abu Abd Allah, (ie, Sa'id b. Hamdan), the cousin of Saif al-Dawla, was the first to build the grave in the month of Sha'ban in the year 336 A.H."
In the book (Usul al-Tarikh wa al-Adab, vol. 9, p. 2) it has been mentioned: "Abu Al-Hasan 'Ali b. Abu Bakr al-Harawi said in the book al-Ziyarat (ie, visitations): "The shrine of Amru b. al-Hamaq was on the highest elevation at the outskirts of the Mousil. His body was buried (there) and his head was carried to Damascus. It was said that it was the first head to be carried in Islam. In the the shrine were some Sheriffs from the children of al-Husayn, peace be on him."
