CHAPTER IV
HIS PSYCHOLOGICAL QUALITIES
All the noble virtues and gifts which Allah created to distinguish man were found in the character of Ima`m Zayn al-'Abidin, peace be on him. No one matched him in his inclinations and his psychological qualities such as sublime manners, high moral standards, and adherence to religion. When someone reads his noble behavior, he bows down in respect and admiration for him. The great Muslim figures from among his contemporaries belittled themselves because of the manifold of the Ima`m's virtues and abilities. Sa'id b. al-Musayyab, one of the great religious scholars of Medina, said: "I have never seen a person more meritorious than 'Ali b. al-Husayn, and when I see him, I hate myself.
1" His ideals raised him to the summit of honor and glory which were ascended by his grandfathers, who sacrificed their lives for social reform. Now, we will talk briefly about some of his psychological qualities.
Clemency
As for clemency, it was among the qualities of the prophets and the messengers and is among the greatest and the most distinguished qualities of man, for it means that man controls himself and does not yield to the inclinations of anger and revenge. Al-Ja`hiz defined clemency, saying: "Clemency means that you leave revenge during intense anger while you are able to do that.
2" Ima`m Zayn al-'Abidin, peace be on him, was the greatest of all the people in clemency and
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1. Al-Ya'qubi, Tarikh, vol. 3, p. 46.
2. Tahdhib al-Akhlaq, p. 19.
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the best of them in restraining anger. The narrators and the historians mentioned many examples of his clemency, the following are some of them:
1. A maid-servant of 'Ali b. al-Husayn began to pour water for him so that he might perform the ritual ablutions for prayer. The maid-servant became faint and the jug dropped from her hand and struck him. He raised his head towards her and the maid-servant said: "Allah, the Most High, says: Those who restrain from anger."
"I have restrained my anger," he said.
"And those who forgive the people," she went on.
"My Allah forgive you," he said.
"Allah loves those who do good," she said.
"Go, you are a free woman before the face of Allah, the Almighty and High,
1" he answered.
2. A mean person received the Ima`m by abusing and cursing him, nevertheless the Ima`m treated him kindly, saying: "Boy, there will be an invincible obstacle before us. If I cross it I will pay no attention to what you are saying. If I am perplexed with it, I will be more wicked than what you are saying.
2"
The Ima`m was busy thinking of his sentiments and feelings toward Allah and fear of the terrors of the hereafter from which no one will be safe except the pious, and he was not annoyed by this nonsense, which issued from a person void of morals and manners.
3. When the Ima`m went out of the mosque, a person abused him, so the people hurried to punish the man, but the Ima`m prevented them from doing that, saying: "What Allah has concealed from you is more than (this). Shall I help you with your need?"
The person was ashamed of himself and wished that the earth would swallow him up. When the Ima`m looked at him, he had mercy
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1. Tarikh Dimashq, vol. 36, vol. 155. Nihayat al-Irab, vol. 21, p. 326.
2. Al-Majjlisi, al-Bihar al-Anwar, vol. 46. p. 96.
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on him and gave him a black shirt and a thousand dirhams. With that the Ima`m was able to uproot from the man the evil inclination of aggression against the people without any right and showed him the path of truth and guidance, so when the person saw the Ima`m, he said to him: "Surely you are among the children of the prophets.
1"
4. An ignoble person aggressed against the Ima`m and cursed him, but the Ima`m turned his face away from him, so the ignoble person became angry and said to him: "I mean you!" However, the Ima`m said to him: "Still, I will forgive you!" Then the Ima`m left the ignoble person and went away. He did not return the insult, thus the ignoble person burst into anger.
2
5. A mean person slandered the Ima`m and went too far in cursing him; nevertheless the Ima`m said to him: "If I have what you say, I will ask Allah to forgive me. If I do not have what you say, I will ask Allah to forgive you." The mean person became ashamed of himself and apologized to the Ima`m for that, saying: "You do not have what I said, so pardon me!" The Ima`m received him with smiles of satisfaction and forgiveness, saying: "May Allah forgive you!" The mean person admired the Ima`m and said: "Allah knows better where to place his message.
3"
6. A person was aggressive against a member of the family of al-Zubayr and cursed him, but the latter did not return in degree. When the person went away, al-Zubayri stood up and began cursing the Ima`m, but the latter kept silent and did not answer him, so the former asked: "What prevents you from answering me?" "What prevented you from answering the man," the Ima`m answered with kindness.
4
These are some of the examples the historians mentioned of the clemency of the Ima`m, peace be on him. They show an endless ability
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1. Al-Bidaya wa al-Nihayay, vol. 9, p. 105.
2. Ibid.
3. Saffwat al-Saffwa, vol. 2, p. 54.
4. Al-Mubarrad, al-Kamil, vol. 3, p. 805.
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of outstanding merits which manifested them selves in the Ima`m and raised him to the highest level of the human perfection.
Patience
Among the psychological qualities of Ima`m Zayn al-'Abidin, peace be on him was patience during ordeals and tribulations. It is certain that no one in this world has been afflicted by such ordeals and tribulations as this great Ima`m was afflicted by them; he was liable to events and misfortunes from the beginning of his life to his death, for he suffered the loss of his mother when he was in the first stage of his childhood, so he did not feel her pure affection and kindness. He witnessed in his bloom of youth the sorrow of his family because of the loss of his grandfather Ima`m 'Ali, the Commander of the faithful, peace be on him, whom 'Abd al-Rahma`n b. Muljim killed. He witnessed those days when his uncle, the pure Ima`m, al-Hasan, peace be on him, was forced to make peace with Mu'a`wiya b. Abu` Sufya`n, the Umayyad ruler of Syria. It is worth mentioning that Mu'a`wiya brought disgrace on the Arab and Islamic world because of his pre-Islamic inclinations and his malice against Islam and Muslims. When he took the reins of authority, he used all the organs of his government to erase Islam from the map of existence, and took the severest measures against the members of the House (
ahl al-Bayt) , peace be on them. For example, he ordered the people to curse them on the pulpits and the minarets (of the mosques), meanwhile he ordered their followers to be killed everywhere.
When Ima`m Zayn al-'Abidin, peace be on him, became a young man, he suffered the loss of his uncle Ima`m al-Hasan, the plant of sweet basil of Allah's Apostle, may Allah bless him and his family, whom the Kasra` of the Arabs (i.e., Mu'a`wiya b. Hind).
1 killed with poison. This event saddened the Ima`m and the Prophet's Household very much.
Ima`m Zayn al-'Abidin, peace be on him, was afflicted by the
____________
1. The Second Caliph gave him this surname.
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most sorrowful event when he saw sinful swords cut off the heads of the choice from among the members of the family of the Prophet, may Allah bless him and his family, in a tragic way which the history of nations and people had never seen. After the murder of that group from among the supporters of justice and truth, the criminal Kufa`ns surrounded Ima`m Zayn al-'Abidin, peace be on him, and then they burnt his tent and the tents of the womenfolk of the Prophet, may Allah bless him and his family. After that they took the Ima`m as prisoner to the tyrannical governor, b. Marja`na, who received the Ima`m by cursing and abusing him, while the Ima`m was patient and entrusted his affair to Allah. After that, the Ima`m was taken to the tyrannical Caliph, Yazid b. Mu'a`wiya. There the Ima`m suffered from various kinds of ordeals and tribulations but he was patient toward them showing satisfaction with Allah's decree. Therefore, what a great soul was his soul! What a pure conscience was his conscience! As for his soul, it resorted to the Creator of the world and Giver of life during all those terrible events. As for his conscience, it was purer and stronger than everything.
Patient in the face of ordeals and tribulations was among the psychological qualities of the Ima`m, peace be on him. It was reported on his authority that he said: "Patience is the source of obedience to Allah.
1"
Another example of his patience was that he heard a woman wailing in his house, and there was a group of people with him, so he stood up to see what happened. He was told that one of his children had died, but he returned to his assembly and told his companions about the death of his child and they admired his patience, so he said to them: "We, the members of the House, obey Allah in what we like and praise Him in what we dislike.
2" He thought that patience was among bounties and impatience was an act of weakness.
3
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1. Al-Muqrim, al-Imam Zayn 'al-Abidin, p. 19.
2. Huliyat al-Awliya', vol. 3, p. 138.
3. Al-Durr al-Nazim, p. 173.
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As Ima`m Zayn al-'Abidin, peace be on him, had a strong character and did not collapse before the terrible events, he is regarded as among the rarest figures throughout history.
Glory and Self-esteem
Among the qualities of Ima`m Zayn al-'Abidin, peace be on him, were glory and self-esteem. He inherited these qualities from his father, the Lord of martyrs, peace be on him, who walked toward death with longing and desire for his glory and self-esteem. That was when the mean people made him choose between death and abasement, so he chose death and addressed them, saying: "By Allah, I will never give you my hand like a man who has been humiliated; nor will I flee like a slave." This noble quality appeared in Ima`m Zayn al-'Abidin when he said: "I do not prefer excellent bounties to myself.
1" Concerning self-esteem, he said: "Whoever feels that he is respectable, the world is easy for him.
2" When he was taken prisoner to Syria, he did not speak to any of those who guarded him to make them feel that he disdained and belittled them.
The historians said: "One of his uncles took some of his rights illegally. He, peace be on him, was in Mecca. Meanwhile al-Walid, the king, was there to perform the ritual hajj, so it was said to him: 'Ask al-Walid to take you your rights.' So he said to them with these words which are immortal in the world of glory and self-esteem: 'Shall I ask in the House of Allah, the Great and Almighty, other than Allah, Great and Almighty? Indeed, I refuse to ask the Creator of the world for the world, then how shall I ask a creature similar to me for the world?'
3" Anther example of his self-esteem was that he did not take even a dirham through his nearness to Allah's Apostle, may Allah bless him and his family.
4 The historians reported many
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1. Al-Khisal, p. 24.
2. Al-Bihar, vol. 78, 135.
3. Ibid, vol. 46, p. 64.
4. Tha'lab, al-Majalis, vol. 2, p. 462.
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examples of his glory and self-esteem, which showed that he refused all kinds of abasement and oppression.
Bravery
Among his psychological qualities was bravery and courage; he was the bravest of all the people, for he was the son of al-Husayn, who was the most courageous of all the children of Adam. An example of his outstanding bravery was when he was taken prisoner and taken to the tyrannical governor, 'Ubayd Allah b. Marja`na, the latter received him with words of glee at his misfortune. So the Ima`m answered him with burning words whose effect on him was stronger than the clashing of swords and the lashing of whips. Ima`m Zayn al-'Abidin, peace be on him, paid no attention to 'Ubayd Allah's power and invincibility, so b. Marja`na (i.e., 'Ubayd Allah) became so angry that he ordered the Ima`m to be killed. However, the Ima`m was not afraid of death, rather he said to him calmly: "Killing is a custom for us, and our miracle from Allah is martyrdom."
When Ima`m Zayn al-'Abidin, peace be on him, was taken to Yazid b. Mu'a`wiya, he met him with boldness and reproached him for his great crime and gave him no way to defend himself and to justify his crime.
The Ima`m inherited bravery from his grandfather 'Ali and his father al-Husayn, who were the bravest of all the creatures of Allah. There is no one in the world of Islam similar to them in bravery, strong determination, and firmness in defending the truth.
His Unselfish Nature
Among his prominent qualities was his lack of all kinds of selfishness which had no power over him. The historians mentioned many examples of his lack of selfishness. Such as when he wanted to travel to a certain place, he traveled with people who did not know him, so that he would serve them and rather than they serve him. One day he traveled with some people who did not know him, but one of them looked at him and recognized him and shouted at the people,
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asking: "Woe unto you! Do you know that man?"
"No, we don't," answered the people.
"That is 'Ali b. al-Husayn," explained the man.
The people hurried toward the Ima`m and began kissing his hands and feet, asking: "Do you want Allah to make us enter the fire of Hell? What made you do that?"
The Ima`m answered gently: "I traveled with some people who knew me and they, because of Allah's Apostle, rendered services for me which I was unworthy of. I was afraid that you would render me the same services, so I preferred concealing my affair to making it public.
1"
Another example of his lack of selfishness was that when he walked in a street and saw the passers-by being harmed by things such as stones and clods of mud, he dismounted his mount and took them away from the street with his holy hand.
2 When he mounted his mule and walked in the street, he did not say to anyone: "Make room." Moreover, he said: "The street is for all people, and I have no right to push anyone away from it.
3" All the qualities of the Prophet, may Allah bless him and his family, such as high moral standards were embodied in this great soul.
Kindness to People
Another quality of Ima`m Zayn al-'Abidin, peace be on him, was kindness to people; his holy heart overflowed with mercy and kindness toward them. The historians said: "When he knew that someone was in debt and loved him, he paid his debt.
4 He hurried to meet the needs of the people lest someone should meet them before him and he would be deprived of reward. In this respect he said: 'My
____________
1. 'Uyyun Akhbar al-Rida, vol. 2, p. 145. A similar report to this has been mentioned in al-Kamil by al-Mubarrad, vol. 2, p. 482.
2. Al-Imam Zayn 'al-Abidin, p. 70.
3. Siyar 'Alam al-Nubala', vol. 4. p. 240. Tarikh Dimashq, vol. 36, p. 161.
4. Abu Zahra, al-Imam Zayd, p. 24.
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enemy sometimes came to me (and ask me) to satisfy his need, so I hasten to satisfy it for fear that someone should satisfy it before me or my enemy should be in no need of it; therefore I would be deprived of the reward for it.
1" Al-Zuhri reported the following concerning the kindness of the Ima`m to the people: "I was with 'Ali b. al-Husayn when a person came and said him: "I owe four hundred dinars and am unable to pay them and have a family. At that time the Ima`m had no money on him to pay the person's debt, so he wept and said: 'It is difficult for a free and believing person to be unable to satisfy the need of his believing brother.'
2"
Generosity
As for generosity, it was among the qualities of Ima`m Zayn al-'Abidin, peace be on him. The historians unanimously agreed that the Ima`m was the most generous of all the people and the kindest of them to the poor and the weak. They mentioned many examples of his generosity. The following are some of them:
Mohammed b. Usa`ma
Mohammed b. Usa`ma became ill, so the Ima`m visited him. When the Ima`m sat down, Mohammed burst into tears, so the Ima`m asked him: "What makes you weep?"
"What makes me weep," answered Mohammed, "is the fact that I owe fifteen thousand dinars and I have nothing left to fulfill the debt for them."
"Do not weep," the Ima`m told him, "they are my debts now and you are free of them." So he paid them for him.
3
____________
1. Nasikh al-Tawarikh, vol., p. 13.
2. Al-Saduq, al-Amali.
3. Al-Bidaya wa Nihaya, vol. 9, p. 105. Siyar A'lam al-Nubala', vol. 4, p. 239.
4. Tarikh al-Islam, vol. 2, p. 266. Hulyat al-Alawiya', vol. 3, p. 141.
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His giving Food to the People
An example of his abundant generosity was that he gave food to those people who came to his house in Medina at noon every day.
1
His Maintaining a Hundred Families
The Ima`m was very generous that he secretly maintained a hundred families in Medina,
2 and each family had a group of people.
3
The generosity of the Ima`m showed that he had a soul free from miserliness, that he had mercy on the people, and that he was grateful to Allah for His giving.
His Kindness to the Poor
Among his qualities was kindness to the poor, the deprived, and the miserable. We shall mention some examples of his kindness to them:
A. His Honoring the Poor
Ima`m Zayn al-'Abidin, peace be on him, looked after the poor and took care of their feelings and sentiments. When he gave a beggar alms, he kissed him lest he should see the mark of abasement and need on his face.
4 He greeted the beggars who came to him and said to them: "Welcome to him who carries my provisions to the hereafter.
5"
Honoring the poor in this kind and merciful manner strengthens society and spreads love and friendship among its members.
B. His Kindness to the Poor
The Ima`m, peace be on him, was very kind and affectionate to the poor and the needy. He asked the orphans, the blind, and the
____________
1. Al-Ya'qubi, Tarikh, vol. 3, p. 6.
2. Tahdhib al-Lugha wa al-Asma', 343.
3. Al-Majjlisi, Bihar al-Anwar, vol. 46. p. 88.
4. Hulyat al-Alwiya', vol. 3, p. 137.
5. Safwat al-Safwa, vol. 2, p. 53.
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needy to eat with him. He gave them food with his hand
1 as well as he carried food on his back and took it to their houses.
2 He took great care of the poor and was so kind to them that he prevented the people from harvesting dates at night lest they should deprive the poor of them. So he said to Qahrama`na, who reaped dates at night: "Do not do that. Don't you know that Allah's Apostle, may Allah bless him and his family, prevented (the people) from reaping at night, and he used to say: 'You should give a share to those who ask you for it on the day of harvest.
3'"
His Preventing the People from
Reproaching Beggars
The Ima`m, peace be on him, prevented the people from reproaching beggars, for that would bring about bad results such as loss of bounties and sudden adversities. In this respect Sa'id b. al-Musayyab reported: "One day I went to 'Ali b. al-Husayn. After he had finished performing the noon prayer, there was a beggar at the door, so he, peace be on him, said: 'Give to the beggar and do not reproach him.
4'"
The Ima`m, peace be on him, stressed the importance of this duty in many of his traditions. In this connection, Abu` Hamza al-Thuma`li reported: "I performed the morning prayer with 'Ali b. al-Husayn in Medina on Friday. After he had finished performing his prayer, he went to his house. I accompanied him. When he reached his house, he called his maid-servant Sukayna and said to her: 'When a beggar passes by the door of my house, give him food, for today is Friday.' So I (i.e., Abu` Hamza) said to him: 'Not all beggars are worthy of being given food.' He, peace be on him said: 'I am afraid that some of
____________
1. Al-Majjlisi, Bihar al-Anwar, vol. 46, p. 62.
2. Ibid. A similar narration has been mentioned in Da'irat al-Ma'arif by al-Bustani, vol. 9, p. 355.
3. Wasa'il al-Shi'a, vol. 6, p. 15.
4, Al-Kafi, vol. 4, p. 15.
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those who beg us are worthy of being given food. If we do not give them food and reproach them, what had befallen Ya'qu`b and his family will befall us, the members of the House. Give the beggars food! Give them food! Ya'qu`b sacrificed a ram every day. He gave some of its meat to the poor as alms. He and the members of his family ate the rest of its meat. At the time of breaking the fast, on Friday, a believing and fasting beggar whose rank was high with Allah and who was worthy of being given food passed by the door of Ya'qu`b's house and called out: 'Give food from the rest of your food to the strange and hungry beggar!' Ya'qu`b and his family heard him but they neglected his right and did not believe his words. When the beggar despaired of them and the night overtook him, he went away and spent that night hungry complaining his hunger to Allah, while Ya'qu`b and his family spent that night full and with extra food. In the morning of that night, Allah revealed to Ya'qu`b, saying: 'You have abased my servant to the extent that you and your children are worthy of my wrath and my punishment. Ya'qu`b, the most lovable of my prophets for Me and the most honorable with Me are those who have mercy on the poor from among my servants, draw them near to Me, give them food, and protect them. Ya'qu`b, why did you not have mercy on my servant, who has devoted his life to worshipping and is secretly content with that which is beyond this material world? Ya'qu`b, by my might, I will impose my tribulation upon you and make you and your sons a target for misfortunes.'
"I (i.e., Abu` Hamza) asked: May I be ransom for you, when did Yousif saw the vision?
1 The Ima`m, peace be on him, replied: 'When Ya'qu`b and his family spent that night full and the poor beggar spent it hungry.'
2"
Indeed, depriving the needy and poor person of his right results in the loss of bounties and brings down Allah's wrath. In this respect
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1. It was the night when he saw eleven stars, the sun, and the moon prostrating themselves to him.
2. Al-Nuri, Dar al-Salam, vol. 2, p. 141.
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many traditions were successively reported on the authority of the Ima`ms of guidance, so those who want Allah's blessing to continue should not reproach the poor and deprive them of their rights.
His Alms
Ima`m Zayn al-'Abidin, peace be on him, did his best throughout his life to give alms to the poor in order to remove poverty from them. In the meantime he urged the people to help them in order that they might get a great reward from Allah, the Glorified. So he said: "If a person gives alms to a poor person, the poor person will supplicated for him at that hour and he will be answered.
1" Now, we will mention some of his alms:
A. He gave his Garments as Alms
The Ima`m, peace be on him, wore the most luxurious garment. In winter he wore silk-like garments. When summer came, he gave them as alms or sold them and gave their price as alms. In summer he wore two Egyptian garments. When winter came, he gave them as alms
2. Thus, he said: "I feel shame before my Lord when I take the price of the garment in which I worship Him.
3"
B. He gave as Alms what He loved
Ima`m Zayn al-'Abidin, peace be on him, gave as alms what he loved. The narrators said: "'Ali b. al-Husayn gave almonds and sugar as alms. He was asked about that, and he recited the words of Him, the Exalted:
'By no means shall you attain to righteousness until you spend (benevolently) out of what you love.'
4" The historians reported: "'Ali b. al-Husayn liked eating grapes. One day he was fast, so his maid-servant gave him a bunch of grapes. At the time of breaking
____________
1. Wasa'il al-Shi'a, vol. 6, p. 296.
2. Tarikh Dimashq, vol. 36, p. 161.
3. Nasikh al-Tawarikh, vol. 1, p. 89.
4. Al-Majjlisi, Bihar al-Anwar, vol. 46. p. 89.
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fasting, a beggar came to him, and he ordered the bunch of grapes to be given to the beggar. The maid-servant sent someone to buy a bunch of grapes for the Ima`m, another beggar knocked on the door, and the Ima`m ordered the bunch of grapes to be given to the beggar. Again, the maid-servant sent someone to buy a bunch of grapes for the Ima`m. When she offered the bunch of grapes to the Ima`m, another beggar came, and the Ima`m ordered the bunch of grapes to be given to the beggar.
1" In this manner the Ima`m followed the example of his grandfathers, who gave their food for three days to a poor, an orphan, and a captive, so Allah sent down concerning them the Su`ra of
Hal Ata, which will exist as a legion of honor for them throughout time till Allah inherits the earth and what is on it.
C. Dividing his Properties
The Ima`m divided his properties into two shares. He took one share and gave the other as alms to the poor.
2 In this manner the Ima`m followed the example of his uncle, Ima`m al-Hasan, the plant of sweet basil of Allah's Apostle, may Allah bless him and his family, who divided his properties into two or three shares.
