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Happiness is the major concept of every time and place, and has always been emphasized in different schools by different scholars. It can be investigated from different points of view. Investigation of happiness from the religious, philosophical and ...

Happiness is the major concept of every time and p...

Iqbal gives his account of the possibility of religion in the last lecture in the reconstruction entitled "Is Religion Possible?" For Iqbal, religion is not something that is isolated from philosophy. He advocates an integration of the two, sometimes...

Iqbal gives his account of the possibility of reli...

Muhammad Iqbal is also critical of Ghazzali's characterization of knowledge. He thought that Ghazzali was mistaken in giving up reason and thought and embracing mystic experience as the only exclusive way the totally infinite could be revealed to an ...

Muhammad Iqbal is also critical of Ghazzali's char...

The first major critic of philosophy in the Islamic tradition was Abu Hamid ibn Muhammad al-Ghazzali (1058-1111 CE). Ghazzali felt that no formulation of an epistemology based on human reason could possibly account reasonably for the metaphysical exi...

The first major critic of philosophy in the Islami...

There have been arguments presented for the existence of God which are non-analytical, and do not rely an purely logical or empirical premises. There is a strong strand within classical Islamic philosophy, beginning with Al-Ghazzali, to strongly put ...

There have been arguments presented for the existe...

Islamic philosophers of the middle ages did not address this problem in any direct fashion. This maybe because in the context of Muslim thought, the existence of God was a prerequisite. In fact, the aim of the philosophers was to prove the existence ...

Islamic philosophers of the middle ages did not ad...

The primary difficulty with the problem of evil is resolving the apparent conflict between the reality of evil in the world and the claim that God is: Omniscient -- All knowing Omnipotent &endash; All powerful and Wholly Good One version of the free ...

The primary difficulty with the problem of evil is...

The Problem of Evil One of the major arguments proposed against the existence of God in contemporary western philosophy is the problem of evil. It is based upon the inability to reconcile the magnitude of evil in the world with the all-loving nature ...

The Problem of Evil One of the major arguments pro...

The modern form of the ontological argument in modern western philosophy was made famous by Anselm and Descartes. The argument rests on the premise that existence is a predicate that a being could have or lack. A summary of Anselm's argument is as fo...

The modern form of the ontological argument in mod...

Kant raises a powerful objection to any theory that claims to grasp knowledge of God. He claims that in terms of knowledge there can be no jump from the physical to the metaphysical. Kant distinguishes between noumanal and phenomenal objects. The nou...

Kant raises a powerful objection to any theory tha...

The version of the argument from design is best known in contemporary philosophy as presented by William Paley (1805) in his Natural Theology. He presents us with an analogy of a watch. Suppose that while walking in a deserted remote location one com...

The version of the argument from design is best kn...

Cosmological Arguments The cosmological argument was first introduced by Aristotle and later refined in western Europe by the celebrated Christian theologian, Thomas Aquinas (d.1274 CE). In the Islamic tradition, it was adopted by Al-Kindi, and Ibn R...

Cosmological Arguments The cosmological argument w...

Philosophy is concerned with the fundamental questions about nature and reality. Al-Kindi called philosophy the most exalted science, since it dealt with issues which are universal. Al-Kindi (Alkindus, 800 &endash; 873 CE) is recognized as the first ...

Philosophy is concerned with the fundamental quest...

Greek philosophy was the major formative influence on the later philosophical traditions of Judaism, Islam, and Christianity. In all three, the theories of the Greeks, particularly Plato and Aristotle, were employed to clarify and develop the basic b...

Greek philosophy was the major formative influence...

2059. It is recommended for a business man to learn the rules of daily transactions. In fact, if due to ignorance, he may necessarily contradict the laws of Shariah, then it is obligatory upon him to learn. Imam Ja'far Sadiq (A.S.) is reported to hav...

2059. It is recommended for a business man to lear...

2226. Ju'ala means that a person promises that if a particular work is completed for him, he will give a specified amount for it. For example, he declares that if anyone recovers his lost property, he will give him $10. One who makes such a declarati...

2226. Ju'ala means that a person promises that if ...

2201. The property which the lessor gives on lease should be identified. Hence if it is one of the things whose transaction is made by weight (e.g. wheat), its weight should be specified. And if it is one of those things whose transaction is made by ...

2201. The property which the lessor gives on lease...

2353. Ariyat means that a person gives his property to another person for use without asking anything in exchange.2354. It is not necessary in the case of Ariyat that a formal formula be pronounced. So, for example, a person gives a dress to someone ...

2353. Ariyat means that a person gives his propert...

2336. When a person gives his property to another person, and tells him that it is deposited in trust, and the latter accepts it, or, without uttering a word, by a simple conduct, the depositor and the receiver both understand and accept the intentio...

2336. When a person gives his property to another ...

2331. Personal surety or security means that a person takes the responsibility for the appearance of a debtor, as and when the creditor asks for him. A person who accepts such a responsibility is called Kafil (guarantor).2332. A personal surety will ...

2331. Personal surety or security means that a per...

2319. If a person wishes to stand surety for the repayment of the debts of another person, his act in this behalf will be in order, only when he makes the creditor understand by his words in any language, or by conduct, that he undertakes the respons...

2319. If a person wishes to stand surety for the r...