A Restatement of the History of Islam and Muslims

Chapter 74 : The Major Failure of Abu Bakr and Umar The Difference between a Politician and a Statesman, it has been said, is that the politician thinks of the...

Chapter 74 : The Major Failure of Abu Bakr and Uma...

Chapter 69 : Ali as an Apostle of Peace Ali as the Right Arm of Islam and the shield and buckler of Muhammad, is a vast and a complex subject....

Chapter 69 : Ali as an Apostle of Peace Ali as th...

Chapter 71 : A List of "Firsts" in Islam Someone in Islam was the First Man or the First Woman to do or to say something, and this made him...

Chapter 71 : A List of "Firsts" in Islam Someone ...

Chapter 68 : Ali's Internal and External and Internal Policy Internal Policy One of the Most Important Aims of Islam was to restrain the strong from oppressing the weak, and...

Chapter 68 : Ali's Internal and External and Inter...

Chapter 62 : The Change of Capital from Medina to Kufa In Rajab of 36 A.H. (January 657) Ali decided to transfer the headquarters of his government from Medina in...

Chapter 62 : The Change of Capital from Medina to ...

Chapter 63 : The Revival of the Umayyads The Banu Umayya were one of the Clans of the Quraysh in Makkah. As noted before, they were the traditional enemies of...

Chapter 63 : The Revival of the Umayyads The Banu...

Chapter 65 : The Death of Malik al-Ashtar and the Loss of Egypt Ali's Governor in Egypt was Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr. In 658 (38 A.H.) Muawiya sent Amr bin...

Chapter 65 : The Death of Malik al-Ashtar and the ...

Chapter 64 : The Battle of Siffin To Dissuade Muawiya from Waging War against the Muslims, Ali used all those argument that he had used, earlier, in his appeals to...

Chapter 64 : The Battle of Siffin To Dissuade Mua...

Chapter 61 : The Battle of Basra (the battle of Camel) The Second Civil War in Islam The Muslims had already fought one civil war during the khilafat of Abu...

Chapter 61 : The Battle of Basra (the battle of Ca...

Chapter 59 : Ali ibn Abi Talib, the Fourth Caliph of the Muslims Ali belonged to the Clan of Banu Hashim, the most distinguished clan in all Arabia; and in...

Chapter 59 : Ali ibn Abi Talib, the Fourth Caliph ...

Chapter 58 : Uthman, the Third Khalifa of the Muslims Just before his Death, Umar called Abu Talha Ansari, and said to him : "God has given honor to Islam...

Chapter 58 : Uthman, the Third Khalifa of the Musl...

Chapter 60 : Prelude to the War As noted before, Ali's Governors had been unable to enter Syria and Kufa because of the opposition of Uthman's governors to him. But...

Chapter 60 : Prelude to the War As noted before, ...

Chapter 53 : Saad ibn Ubada, the Ansari Candidate for Caliphate Saad ibn Ubada was the Leader of the Khazraj Tribe of Medina. The Khazraj and the Aus, the two...

Chapter 53 : Saad ibn Ubada, the Ansari Candidate ...

Chapter 49 : The Struggle for Power III Saqifa Banu Sa'eda Bukhari has quoted Umar bin al-Khattab as saying : "When he (the Apostle) died, the Ansar opposed us. They...

Chapter 49 : The Struggle for Power III Saqifa Ba...

Chapter 51 : A Critique of Saqifa Muhammad ibn Ishaq, the biographer of the Prophet of Islam, writes in his Seera (Life of the Messenger of God) : Umar said:...

Chapter 51 : A Critique of Saqifa Muhammad ibn Is...

Chapter 56 : Democracy and the Muslims Most Modern Muslims believe and claim that Government in Islam is democratic in character. A government run by the Muslims may be democratic...

Chapter 56 : Democracy and the Muslims Most Moder...

Chapter 52 : Saqifa and the Logic of History In the Introduction to this book, I had called attention of the reader to the tendency and the readiness of most...

Chapter 52 : Saqifa and the Logic of History In t...

Chapter 41 : The Unwritten Testament of the Messenger of God Islam was the whole raison d’être of Muhammad Mustafa, the blessed Messenger of God. He was sent into this...

Chapter 41 : The Unwritten Testament of the Messen...

Chapter 45 : Muhammad Mustafa and his Succession As a statesman, Muhammad ranks among the greatest in the whole world. He was endowed with amazing perspicacity, vision and political genius....

Chapter 45 : Muhammad Mustafa and his Succession ...

Chapter 47 : The Struggle for Power I The Sunni Muslims assert that all companions of Muhammad Mustafa, the blessed Messenger of God, were models of exemplary deportment, and that...

Chapter 47 : The Struggle for Power I The Sunni M...

Chapter 39 : Usama's Expedition Zayd bin Haritha was the freedman and friend of Muhammad Mustafa. He was killed in the battle of Mootah in A.D. 629 in which he...

Chapter 39 : Usama's Expedition Zayd bin Haritha ...