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From the 5th/11th to the 9th/15th centuries, Shi'ism continued to expand as it had done in the 4th/10th century. 1 Many kings and rulers who were Shi ite appeared in different parts of the Islamic world and propagated Shi'ism. Toward the end of the 5...

From the 5th/11th to the 9th/15th centuries, Shi'i...

In the 4th/10th century, certain conditions again prevailed which aided greatly the spread and strengthening of Shi' ism. Among them were the weaknesses that appeared in the central 'Abbasid government and administration and the appearance of the Buy...

In the 4th/10th century, certain conditions again ...

At the beginning of the 3rd/9th century, Shi' ism was able to breathe once again. This more favorable condition was first of all, due to the fact that many scientific and philosophical books were translated from Greek, Syriac and other languages into...

At the beginning of the 3rd/9th century, Shi' ism ...

During the latter part of the first third of the 2nd/8th century, following a series of revolutions and bloody wars throughout the Islamic world which were due to the injustice, repressions and wrongdoings of the Umayyads, there began an anti-Umayyad...

During the latter part of the first third of the 2...

In the year 60/680, Mu awiyah died and his son, Yazid, became caliph, as the result of the allegiance which his father had obtained for him from the powerful political and military leaders of the community. From the testimony of historical documents,...

In the year 60/680, Mu awiyah died and his son, Ya...

The most difficult period for Shi'ism was the twenty-year rule of Mu'awiyah, during which the Shi'ites had no protection and most of them were considered as marked characters, under suspicion and hunted down by the state. Two of the leaders of Shi'is...

The most difficult period for Shi'ism was the twen...

After the martyrdom of Imam 'Ali, his son,Imam Hasan ibn 'Ali, who is recognized by the Shi ah as their second Imam, became caliph. This designation occurred in accordance with Imam 'Ali's last will and testament and also by the allegiance of the com...

After the martyrdom of Imam 'Ali, his son,Imam Has...

During the four years and nine months of his caliphate, 'Ali was not able to eliminate the disturbed conditions, which were prevailing throughout the Islamic world, but he was successful in three fundamental ways: 1. As a result of his just and uprig...

During the four years and nine months of his calip...

In accordance with the Islamic teachings which form its basis, Shi'ism believed that the most important question facing Islamic society was the elucidation and clarification of Islamic teachings and the tenets of the religious sciences. 1 Only after ...

In accordance with the Islamic teachings which for...

Religion: There is no doubt that each member of the human race is naturally drawn to his fellow-men and that in his life in society, he acts in ways which are interrelated and interconnected. His eating, drinking, sleeping, keeping awake, talking, li...

Religion: There is no doubt that each member of th...

What causes carpal tunnel in pregnancy? Your belly isn't the only part of your body that swells during pregnancy, and fluid retention in the arms and wrists can put pressure on nerves there. The result: a temporary case of carpal tunnel syndrome. Thi...

What causes carpal tunnel in pregnancy? Your belly...

What causes back pain in pregnancy? The cliched image of the pregnant woman is a swaybacked, big-bellied creature with her hands pressed against her lower back- and, as is the case with many cliches, there's a grain of truth here. Back pain is a very...

What causes back pain in pregnancy? The cliched im...

What causes hip pain or sciatica in pregnancy? During the second and third trimester, your baby's head may rest heavily on the sciatic nerve in the lower part of the spinal canal. Sciatica, the pain, numbness, and/or tingling you feel as a result, be...

What causes hip pain or sciatica in pregnancy? Dur...

What causes blurry vision in pregnancy? If you think you're seeing things when you're pregnant, you're probably right. Your eyes are affected by the same build-up of fluids that may give you thickened ankles or bloating. Your lens and cornea (the out...

What causes blurry vision in pregnancy? If you thi...

What causes nosebleeds and bleeding gums in pregnancy? Your blood flow increases so much during pregnancy that sometimes it overflows. Your gums and nasal membranes are two places where blood may appear unexpectedly. Your gums may bleed when you brus...

What causes nosebleeds and bleeding gums in pregna...

What causes heartburn in pregnancy? That burning sensation in your throat and chest has nothing to do with your heart and everything to do with your stomach. Pregnancy hormones are largely responsible for the heartburn that plagues many expectant mom...

What causes heartburn in pregnancy? That burning s...

What causes an umbilical hernia in pregnancy?Nearly all pregnant women get an "outie" navel during pregnancy- but in a few cases, the navel protrudes so much that it is considered a rupture, or "umbilical hernia." This condition, which also occurs in...

What causes an umbilical hernia in pregnancy?Nearl...

What causes headaches in pregnancy? Probably triggered by hormonal shifts and changes in blood circulation that cause the pressure in your blood vessels to decrease, headaches and dizziness occur most often during the first trimester. These symptoms ...

What causes headaches in pregnancy? Probably trigg...

What causes breast leakage in pregnancy? After five or six months, many women leak colostrum, a thick, creamy-white or yellowish discharge that is produced before breast milk. This is simply a sign that your breasts are preparing for lactation. Rich ...

What causes breast leakage in pregnancy? After fiv...

What causes leg cramps in pregnancy?If you've ever had a "charley horse," then you're already familiar with the kind of leg pain that many women encounter during pregnancy. No one is entirely sure why these sharp, lower-leg cramps crop up during the ...

What causes leg cramps in pregnancy?If you've ever...

What causes fatigue in pregnancy?Total exhaustion! Your body is working double time, keeping you going while creating and supporting a brand new life. You're producing more blood, your heart rate is up, and you're using up more water and nutrients. T...

What causes fatigue in pregnancy?Total exhaustion!...