The Bayt al-Māl is a broad concept and is based on the faith that everything belongs to God, and that man being His agent on the earth may possess some of these things only temporarily and secondarily.5 There are three types of the Bayt al-Māl: 1) B...

The Bayt al-Māl is a broad concept and is based on...

According to A. Ghazali,3 the philosophy of the Bayt al-Māl is to form the basis of public financing. The final aim is to mould a society committed to balancing material and spiritual values by ensuring that wealth obtained by individuals is distribu...

According to A. Ghazali,3 the philosophy of the Ba...

The philosophy behind what is commonly called hijab – Islamic modest dress – is rooted in the concept of guarding one’s senses from anything that may lessen one’s innocence. Imam ‘Ali, the cousin and son-in-law of the Prophet of Islam (ma...

The philosophy behind what is commonly called hija...

“And they shall not display their beauty and ornaments, except what is apparent of it. And they should draw their khemaars over their bosoms, and shall not relax this code in the presence of other than…” (Qur’an, Surah an-Nur, 24:31) The term...

“And they shall not display their beauty and ornam...

“If a woman does not wear a veil, let her hair be cut; but if it is disgraceful for a woman to have her hair cut off or her head shaved, then let her wear a veil.” 1Corinthians, 11:6. 8 “Judge for yourselves. Is it becoming for a woman to worship Go...

“If a woman does not wear a veil, let her hair be ...

Veil, a cover for the face, or a disguise, from the earliest times has been a sign of chastity and decency in married women. As the sign of chastity they had to cover their faces with veils in the presence of strangers. The putting on of the veil mar...

Veil, a cover for the face, or a disguise, from th...

In the Jewish tradition when a Jewish woman3 did go out in public, she always went out with a head covering which also covered the whole face, leaving one eye free. Going out without a head covering was considered so shameful that it was grounds not...

In the Jewish tradition when a Jewish woman3 did g...

Man without clothes appears to be a peculiarly, perhaps uniquely, naked animal, or a hairless naked ape. There is, however, a false implication in this title, which is that other apes are clothed by hair or fur. That is apart from not being up righti...

Man without clothes appears to be a peculiarly, pe...

This theory is against our intuitive feeling that both sides of the act even after the completion of all prerequisites are still equal to us as voluntary agents. We feel no necessity. This can be replied by saying that it is indeed an essential featu...

This theory is against our intuitive feeling that ...

Granted that sovereignty suffices the existence of the act, would that also suffice its non-existence as well? If so, the problem would be that it leads to having both the existence and non-existence of the act at the same time. And if not, it would ...

Granted that sovereignty suffices the existence of...

The theory of Na’ini as explained above seems to suffer fatal problems. It seems also that the martyr Sadr’s theory of sovereignty despite its beauties and firmness still has very important problems. Of course, this does not mean that Sadra’s theory ...

The theory of Na’ini as explained above seems to s...

Sovereignty or salatanah is an internal quality that we all understand. It is what we know by presence (‘ilm huduri). To conceptualize it we can use the expression: "The agent may or may not act". There is no necessity to act or not to act. Sovereig...

Sovereignty or salatanah is an internal quality th...

The difficulties in Na’ini’s theory led the great Ayatullah Sadr to reconstruct the theory and revive Na’ini’s claim with a new argument. To develop his theory of sovereignty Sadr first mentions some premises: First premise- Equal relation of act to...

The difficulties in Na’ini’s theory led the great ...

Mirza Na’ini, one of the founders of modern principles of jurisprudence, was the first one to develop and defend this theory. According to an exposition of the lectures of Na’ini (Ajwad al-Taqrirat), this theory can be traced back to Mirza Muhammad T...

Mirza Na’ini, one of the founders of modern princi...

The solution relies on three main points: A- To distinguish between necessity and determinism and between contingency and free will. According to Sadra, critics of the theory of necessity have failed to distinguish between ikhtiyar and contingency o...

The solution relies on three main points: A- To d...

Early theologians and modern usuliyyun who seriously oppose the theory of necessity or necessitation of effect by cause or in other words the necessary relation of cause and effect, take this theory in conflict with free will and believe that even if...

Early theologians and modern usuliyyun who serious...

From what has been said before, the concepts of causation, cause and effect become clear. Cause is an independent being which has no need for its effect, originating and necessitating the effect. Effect is a totally dependent being, which is nothing ...

From what has been said before, the concepts of ca...

According to what was said earlier, the difference among beings is the difference in levels and degrees of existence starting with the self-necessary being and ending with the potential being. Reflection on the reality of "being" leads to the conclus...

According to what was said earlier, the difference...

According to asalat al-wujud, the differences that we understand among things in the world are all rooted in their "being" and can have no root other than the reality of ‘being’. Therefore, all things in the world differ in "being", just as they shar...

According to asalat al-wujud, the differences that...

The Theory of Necessity (Sadra’s Theory in the Interpretation of Causality and its Relation to Human Freedom) Before explaining the theory of necessity, it is noteworthy that the reason beyond calling this theory "The Theory of Necessity" lies in th...

The Theory of Necessity (Sadra’s Theory in the Int...

`Allamah Tabataba'i‑may God's mercy be upon him‑in his exposition on Divine Wisdom says:1 The various movements originating from us can be considered as our actions when they are related to and dependent upon our will in some way. There­fore, he...

`Allamah Tabataba'i‑may God's mercy be upon him‑in...